Muga Silk: Assam’s Golden Heritage and the Challenges of a Changing Climate
A Unique Silk with Deep Cultural and Economic Significance
Muga silk is one of India's most treasured natural fibres and is exclusively associated with Assam, which produces nearly 90 percent of the country's Muga silk. Recognised as Assam's first Geographical Indication (GI) product, it has long symbolised luxury and cultural pride. Historically, it was reserved for the garments of the Ahom royalty. The name "Muga" comes from the Assamese word for the rich golden colour of its cocoon. Studies show that compounds produced by Som plants are metabolised by the silkworm, giving the silk its characteristic golden sheen. Muga sericulture supports thousands of rural households through host plant cultivation, silkworm rearing, spinning, weaving and marketing. Around 185,000 families depend on the industry, with women accounting for nearly 65 percent of the workforce. As an eco-friendly enterprise, sericulture generates employment, reduces poverty and discourages rural-to-urban migration.
Cultivation, Processing and Market Importance
Muga silkworms are multivoltine and can be reared up to six times annually, with Jethua (spring) and Katia (autumn) being the main commercial crops. The larvae feed on Som and Soalu host trees, while the harvested cocoons are degummed using an alkaline solution prepared from banana peel or paddy straw ash before being reeled using traditional devices such as the Bhir or Bhawri. About 1,000 cocoons yield nearly 200 grams of silk. Most of the yarn is marketed through Sualkuchi, the "Manchester of Assam," where it is woven into traditional textiles such as Mekhela Chador, Riha and Chador. Muga silk usually sells for ₹15,000–16,000 per kilogram, occasionally reaching ₹20,000, but farmers earn only about ₹45,000–50,000 annually.
Climate Change and the Future of Muga Silk
Muga silk production depends on Assam's favourable climate, with temperatures of 24–28°C, high humidity and healthy host plants. Climate change, however, poses a serious threat, with temperatures projected to rise by 1.7–2.0°C by 2050. Increasing temperatures, erratic rainfall, floods, pests and diseases are affecting both silkworms and host plants. Soalu is particularly vulnerable, while Som plants face rising incidences of grey blight and gall insects. Major producing districts such as Lakhimpur, Sivasagar and Karbi Anglong are already experiencing climatic changes that may reduce cocoon productivity. The Directorate of Sericulture, Assam, has established 13 Muga Seed Farms to ensure quality seed supply, while Mission Senehjori seeks to expand market access and promote Assam's golden silk globally. Continued government support, climate-resilient host plants and fair market policies are essential for safeguarding this unique heritage industry.